Вольво, система охлаждения
Министерство Сельского Хозяйства Российской Федерации
Департамент кадровой политики и образования
Московский государственный агроинженерный университет имени В.П. Горячкина
Кафедра иностранных языков
Курсовая работа.
Выполнил: Потапов В.В.
Проверил: Кулешов А.В.
Москва, 2004г.
Содержание:
1. The history of Volvo (английский оригинал)
2. Cooling system (английский оригинал)
3. The seven step path to better decisions (английский оригинал)
4. История Вольво (перевод)
5. Система охлаждения (перевод)
6. Семь способов принятия верных решений (перевод)
The history of Volvo.
The Volvo 1800 was superseded by the 1800 ES sports coupe in 1971,
while the 140 series was replaced by the modern 240/260 three years later.
In the USA, the Volvo 240 was designated as the standard for car safety. In
1972, Volvo acquired the car division of Dutch carmakers DAF and the Volvo
343 was introduced four years later.
1970 - Volvo's first Sponsorship
The Volvo Accident Research Team for cars was established. In addition to
monitoring crash testing of complete cars and components in the laboratory,
Volvo researchers were now able to gather valuable information on real-life
accidents. Field investigations were complemented by statistics. Since the
team's foundation, all accident information is supplied to Volvo's design
engineers for use in new car development.
Volvo car No. 2,000,000 was produced.
Volvo undertook its first major sports sponsorship - the Volvo Open in
golf.
Fourteen years and 667,323 cars later, the Amazon was discontinued.
1971 - New Arrivals: P.G. Gyllenhammar and the 1800 ES
The 1800 ES was the big event of the year in cars. Although the front half
was identical to its predecessor, the P1800, the rear half was new and
resembled an estate to some extent. With a maximum output of 135 hp, the
1800 ES more than fulfilled buyers' expectations of sportiness. Although
the model did become popular, it was discontinued only two years later. It
is now a cult model which attracts prices many times higher than the
original.
In 1971, the Volvo Group acquired its third president and CEO when Pehr
Gustaf Gyllenhammar, then just 36 years old, succeeded his father-in-law,
Gunnar Engellau. His first act was to offer seats on the board to company
employees.
The same year, the Volvo Group joined Renault and Peugeot in a far-reaching
engine development venture, forming a joint company known as PRV for the
purpose. The aim was to produce six-cylinder engines at a plant in Douvrin
in the north of France. Production at the facility, which was owned jointly
by Renault and Peugeot, continued until 1990.
Volvo commenced car production in Melbourne, Australia in 1971.
1972 - Belt-Driven Volvo
The Volvo Group has acquired a large number of other companies throughout
its history. However, this includes only one carmaker - DAF. To meet the
wishes of dealers anxious to complement their ranges with a small car,
Volvo agreed to acquire a 30% shareholding in the Dutch company's car
operation and its plant at Born in the southern Netherlands, as of 1
January 1973. In 1975, Volvo increased its shareholding to 75% and the
company was renamed Volvo Car B.V.
Although not an attractive model, the Volvo Experimental Safety Car (VESC)
provided a powerful answer to existing and future traffic safety problems,
not only in Europe, but especially in the USA.
Volvo's first environmental policy was articulated by P.G. Gyllenhammar at
the UN Environmental Conference in Stockholm.
A seat belt reminder was the biggest safety innovation introduced in
production models.
Inertia reel belts also made their appearance in the rear seats.
The company's biggest investment in 1972 was the new Volvo Technical Centre
(VTC), which was built to house all new car development activities.
1973 - Fantastic Test Track
The original test track at Stora Holm had become far too small and too
difficult to shield from the prying eyes and lenses of a press anxious to
uncover secret projects. As a result, the company decided to build an
enormous test facility at Hдllered, deep in the forest between Gцteborg and
Borеs. The principal feature was the main track, a six-kilometre oval with
four lanes and banked bends, which enabled a driver to drive at 200 km/h
without touching the wheel.
Volvo was to start car production in Chesapeake, Virginia in 1973. However,
economic conditions, combined with the first oil crisis, dictated otherwise
and it was decided to build buses instead. In the event, this was not a
success and the plant was finally used to produce Volvo Penta engines and
drives. Volvo Penta's American headquarters are still located in Chesapeake
today.
The USA became Volvo's biggest car market.
1974 - 'Human' Plant Opened in Kalmar
Volvo inaugurated what was to become known as the 'human car plant' in
Kalmar. In the new facility, the conventional production line was replaced
by a system of manually controlled carriers, with automatic loop-controlled
carriers supplying the assembly materials. The workforce was organised in
autonomous groups, each with a high degree of responsibility for its own
work. In its 20 years of operation, the plant attracted international
attention as a model working environment.
The biggest car news of the year was the appearance of the successor to the
140/160 series, the Volvo 240/260, which bore a strong resemblance to the
1972 VESC, not only in terms of appearance but also as regards safety
features. The Volvo 240 was subsequently designated as the standard for car
safety in the USA. The Volvo 260 was powered by a newly developed V6 engine
produced at the PRV plant in Douvrin.
1975 - The Smallest Volvo Ever
DAF cars continued to be sold under their original name for some years
following the Volvo takeover. By 1975, however, the DAF 66 had improved to
the extent that it was renamed the Volvo 66.
Volvo was already working in collaboration with Yngve Nilsson, a
bodybuilding firm located in Laholm, south of Gothenburg. In 1975, the
company introduced no less than three specially built, 'stretched' models
bodied by Nilsson - the Volvo 245 T (a 'stretched' 245 intended as a taxi),
the 265 Ambulance and the 245 Hearse.
1976 - A Rugged New Arrival
The most important reason for Volvo's acquisition of DAF - the Volvo 343 -
was introduced in February 1976. A medium-class car with rugged styling,
the model was equipped with DAF's unique Variomatic continuously variable
transmission. Extremely easy to drive, the car boasted exceptional handling
thanks to its advanced design of rear axle, combined with the ideal weight
distribution afforded by the rear-. mounted transmission Although the 343
suffered from a number of teething troubles, these were soon corrected and
the car became extremely popular, especially in Britain, Sweden and the
Netherlands.
In Britain, Volvo was awarded the prestigious Don Safety Trophy for its
achievements in automotive safety.
The NHTSA, the US traffic safety administration, bought a number of Volvo
240s, which it used to specify the safety standards against which all new
cars on the American market were tested.
The three-way catalytic converter and oxygen sensor (Lambdasond) was a
world first from Volvo in 1976. Introduced primarily to meet the strict
emission control standards in force in California, the system reduced
hazardous emissions by about 90%.
Volvo had now produced three million cars.
Cooling system.
Arrangement.
The cooling system of the engine is a liquid, closed-type, with a
compulsory circulation of a liquid.
The device for controlling the cooling liquid temperature is set in the
cylinder head, and the arrow indicator is set on the control panel.
Cooling system should be filled with a special liquid TOSOL A-40, which
has anticorrosive and antifoaming additives. The temperature of
crystallization is -40°С.
Concentrated antifreeze TOSOL A has a temperature of crystallization
-20°С, it gets properties of TOSOL A-40 after mixing it with distilled
water in the ratio 54 % of antifreeze TOSOL A and 46 % of distilled water.
The period of changing the cooling liquid at normal operation of the
automobile is once in two years or after running 60000 kms. Cooling liquid
is merged through the aperture in the cylinder block in the bottom part of
the radiator, which is closed by a conic fuse.
The hot liquid is moved from the cylinder head 4, passes through the
radiator 8 or the bypass pipe 9, which depends on the position of valves of
the thermometer 10 and goes into the pump 5 from which it goes to cylinder
block 11.
The cabin heater 1 is connected to the cooling system, the liquid which
goes from the cylinder head through the crane 2 is moved to the pump, and
also warms the cabin carburetor throttle 3, the liquid which acts from the
jacket of the exhaust pipe and is removed through a by-pass pipe of the
heater to the pump.
For compensation changes of volume and pressure the expand tank 7 is
used, it is connected to the radiator neck by amounts and closed by a fuse
6.
The pump.
The case 6 and the cover of the pump 2 casted of an aluminium alloy.
The platen 3 is bossed to the bearing 7. The pig-iron wing 5 is pressed to
the platen of the bearing. The end of the wing, which joins the sealing
ring of the seal, is tempered by currents of high frequency on the depth of
